Polarizing microscopes, including the J-221P, are compound microscopes commonly referred to as petrographic microscopes because they are often used to investigate rocks and minerals and other ore analysis. They can be useful for specialized medical and industrial applications, such as identifying crystals suspended in liquid, identifying minerals in core samples and detecting defects in semiconductors or finding stress points in metal, glass and other materials.

The J-221P polarizing microscope employs two polarizing filters in the light path. One is called the polarizer and the other an analyzer. By "crossing" the filters, one can examine birefringent specimens such as calcite and quartz.

The polarizing microscope is especially useful in the study of birefringent materials and is ideally used for chemical microscopy and optical mineralogy. Birefringence is also known as double refraction, or when light traveling through a substance （such as calcite） splits into two beams and travels in two different speeds.

The polarizing microscope can be used in a variety of scientific studies, in addition to ore analysis. These include geology, mineralogy, toxicology, chemistry, pharmaceuticals, medicine, forensics, the pulp and paper industry, studying atmospheric pollution, asbestos fiber evaluation and assessing ceramics.

Because these microscopes work with polarized light, all lenses in the microscope are "strain free."

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