標準標定工具套裝 Standard calibration target set with protective carrying case

2D標定概述 / 2D Calibration Overview

VIC-2D系統(tǒng)的標定過程是非?？焖俸秃唵蔚?。 在VIC-2D軟件中點擊Calibration選項下的“Calibration Scale”按鈕即可輕松完成。 當需要尺度的信息時，則必須通過包含已知距離點的圖像來參照標定，比如表面制作了已知距離的標志點的試件圖像，或者與試件位于同一平面的標尺、標定板靶的圖像等等。 這時您只需選擇一個對應的尺度單位（如毫米，英寸等）來代替像素作為度量單位。 在使用VIC-3D的標定板靶作為已知距離標定參照時，精度可以達到子像素級。

The process of calibrating a VIC-2D system is quick and simple.  The procedure is software based and can be performed quite easily by clicking the “Calibrate Scale” button under the Calibration option in the VIC-2D program.  To calibrate for scale, you must have an image which contains a known distance, either marked on the specimen or on a ruler or target that is in the same plane as the specimen.  Here, you simply choose a dimension (mm, inches, etc.) to replace pixels as a form of measurement.  If a VIC-3D calibration target is used to define the known distance, subpixel accuracy can be achieved.

3D標定概述 / 3D Calibration Overview

VIC-3D系統(tǒng)的標定相當簡捷，已經優(yōu)化到了近乎自動的過程。 該系統(tǒng)的標定只需在3D相機系統(tǒng)前隨意移動和偏轉剛性的標定板靶進行成像，然后再做分析即可。 標定過程會精確計算圖像采集器的內在和外在參數，同時獲得圖像采集系統(tǒng)的三角測量定位關系并移除鏡頭的光學畸變。 這最終消除了所有測量偏差，并在試件表面定義了一個3D坐標系。 整個過程典型耗時只需1-3分鐘。

Calibrating a VIC-3D system is straightforward and has been streamlined to a nearly automatic process. The procedure for the 3D system involves moving, imaging, and analyzing a rigid calibration target in front of a stereo camera pair. This precisely calculates the cameras’ intrinsic and extrinsic parameters while triangulating the cameras’ positions and removing lens distortions.  This ultimately removes any measurement bias and defines a three-dimensional coordinate system on the specimen’s surface.  This entire process typically takes 1-3 minutes.

標定板靶概述 / Calibration target Overview

CSI公司提供了多種類型的標定板靶，如標準板靶，雙面板靶，玻璃板靶，顯微鏡板靶和紅外板靶。 每個標定板靶都對應于不同類型的應用與視場。 要了解更多有關您的應用所需的板靶點陣類型信息，請閱讀我們在下面列出并描述的這些板靶的各項功能、用途和對應系統(tǒng)。

There are many types of calibration targets available at Correlated Solutions, such as Standard Targets, Double Sided Targets, Glass Targets, Microscope Targets, and IR Targets.  Each calibration target is needed for a different type of application and/or field of view.  To find out more information on the type of gird you have or need for your application, we have listed and described each of these target’s features, purposes, and corresponding systems below.

標準標定板靶 / The Standard Calibration Target (30mm+)

每個VIC-3D™系統(tǒng)都配備了標準標定板靶套件，覆蓋30mm及以上的視場。每塊板靶都具有超啞光表面，以及堅固耐用的設計，它們不同規(guī)格間*的可識別編碼點還可實現VIC-3D v7及更高版本中的自動間距檢測功能。這些板靶可用于高速、低速系統(tǒng)以及高分辨率、低分辨率相機的標定。如果需要精確的標定板靶檢定，CSI公司還提供美國國家標準與技術研究院(NIST)的可追溯證書，提供詳細的點陣間距參數測量報告。

The Standard Calibration Target set is provided with each VIC-3D™ System and covers fields of view from 30mm and up.  Each target features an ultra matte finish, a rigid & durable design, ａnd they are specially coded for automatic spacing detection in VIC-3D v7 and later.  These targets can be used for calibrating high-speed and low-speed systems and for both high and low resolution cameras.  If exact calibration target measurements are needed, Correlated Solutions’ can provide NIST traceable certificates which provide detailed measurements on spacing parameters.

當您遇到特殊應用尺寸的板靶或需要更換板靶時怎么辦？CSI賦予了用戶自制標定板靶的能力。用戶友好的標靶生成器可以從這里下載：cal_gen.exe（7MB）。 用戶自行打印的板靶必須使用高分辨率激光打印機，并且確保平面度與平整度，更重要的是使用高剛性板材來制作。

Need to replace a target?  Users have the ability to create their own standard calibration targets.  The user friendly Calibration Target Generator can be downloaded here: cal_gen.exe (7MB).  Self-printed targets must utilize a high-resolution laser printer, and must be adhere to a flat, but more importantly, rigid plate.

大尺度標定 / Large Scale Calibrations (2m+)

CSI公司制造的標定板靶（36“x 24”）可以標定大到2米的視場。 而需要標定更大的視場時，則單個板靶技術將不再適用(剛性不足)或制造成本高昂。 為了解決這個問題，CSI公司采用了一種被稱為“外部定向標定”的智能標定技術。這是一種兩步標定技術，首先用一個小的標準標定板靶單獨標定每個相機，然后使用試件表面上的已知距離為尺度標定。 這為一個最初看起來很嚴重的問題提供了一個非常準確又成本低廉且實用的解決方案。 這項技術也證明了VIC-3D產品的穩(wěn)健性和標定程序的靈活性。

The largest target (36″ x 24″) made by Correlated Solutions calibrates a field of view up to about two meters.  If calibrating a larger field of view is required, a single target is no longer practical to use or cost effective to produce.  To handle this problem, Correlated Solutions has implemented an intelligent calibration technique called “External Orientation Calibration.”  This is a two step technique that first calibrates each camera individually with a small standard calibration target, and then uses a known distance on the specimen’s surface to calibrate for scale.  This provides a very accurate, low cost, and practical solution to what may initially seem like a “large” problem.  Implementing this technique demonstrates the robustness of VIC-3D products and the flexibility of the calibration procedure.

雙面標定板靶 / Double Sided Targets (35mm – 1.5m)

雙面板靶是用來同時標定彼此相對向的兩個VIC-3D系統(tǒng)。 該板靶允許將面對面安裝的兩個DIC系統(tǒng)的數據相對容易地置于同一坐標系中。 當您的應用需要測量同一試件的兩面以分析厚度或頸縮時，雙面板靶可以簡化標定和建立坐標系過程。

A double sided target is used to simultaneously calibrate two VIC-3D systems facing each other. The target allows DIC data from oppositely mounted systems to be put into a common coordinate system with relative ease. When your application requires the measurement of two sides of the same specimen to analyze thickness or necking, a double sided target simplifies the calibration process.

雙面板靶的制造方式與標準標定板靶非常相似，可確保在多種測試環(huán)境下的超啞光表面、高剛性及耐用性。 它們也在CSI總部被單獨標定，以確保測量的精確性。

Double sided targets are manufactured in much the same way as standard calibration targets to ensure an ultra-matte finish and high rigidity & durability for a multitude of testing environments.  They are also individually calibrated at CSI’s headquarters to ensure accurate measurements are achieved.

當標定視場小于30mm時，標準標定板靶將不再適用。這是由于標準板靶的制造設備的打印分辨率已不能滿足小尺度圓點陣所需的精度。 此外，當視場小于30毫米時對，標準板靶的成像也很困難，缺少能夠幫助板靶在成像過程中進行姿態(tài)傾斜和旋轉的必要硬件。

When calibrating fields of view smaller than 30mm, standard calibration targets are no longer ideal to use.  This is due to the fact that printing devices limit the size of the elliptical markers printed with acceptable resolution.  Furthermore, imaging standard targets at fields of view smaller than 30mm can also prove difficult with no other hardware to provide assistance during the tilt and rotation process.

為實現從0.7毫米到30毫米的小尺度標定，CSI公司提供了由激光蝕刻、藍色鍍鉻的鈉鈣玻璃材質的標定板靶。 所有的玻璃靶板的標定點陣都是通過光刻工藝在藍色鍍鉻層制作而成的。 配合適當的背光照明，這些板靶點陣會具有非常清晰銳利的邊沿輪廓，這些邊沿在高倍放大時仍十分清晰，并且與外部硬件（如板靶固定裝置和鵝頸定位臂）兼容。 由于在較高的光學放大倍數下導致的成像景深減小，需要這些外部硬件幫助保持板靶小平面的穩(wěn)定性并控制其傾斜范圍不超出景深。

For small scale calibrations from 0.7mm to 30mm, Correlated Solutions provides laser etched, blue chrome plated, sodalime glass calibration targets.  All glass targets are created through a photo lithography process which creates a plating of blue chrome over the face of the glass plate.  With proper backlighting, these targets provide very sharp edges which are clearly seen at high magnifications and are compatible with external hardware, such as target fixtures and gooseneck positioning arms.  Since depth of fields decrease at higher magnifications, external hardware is almost always necessary for stabilizing the target for small out-of-plane tilts.

小尺度標定 / Small Scale Calibrations (8mm – 30mm)

VIC-3D標準光學系統(tǒng)應用于視場范圍為8mm-30mm的測量時，CSI提供的兩個玻璃板靶中總有一個能夠滿足需求，無論是1“板靶可用的20mm-30mm視場、還是4合1板靶（左視圖 ）可用的8mm-20mm視場。

For fields of view from 8mm-30mm on a VIC-3D system with standard optics, one of two glass targets should be used, either the 1″ Target for fields of view 20mm-30mm or the 4-in-1 Target (seen left) for fields of view 8mm-20mm.

這兩塊板靶通常一起交付給用戶，并且如在左側看到的該組件照片所示，這還包括鵝頸定位臂、迷你球頭鉸鏈和玻璃靶座。標定小視場時，配合使用這些組件能夠保持標定過程的穩(wěn)定性和靈活性。

Both targets are generally provided together and with the assembly seen on the left, which includes a gooseneck positioning arm, a mini-ball head, and a glass target holder.  Using these components together will ensure both stability and flexibility when calibrating small fields of view.

If the sample is 7mm or smaller a standard system can be used, however, a microscope system should be heavily considered in order to take advantage of camera resolution to maximize your test’s potential data points.

顯微標定板靶 / Microscope Calibration Target (0.7mm – 7mm)

對于0.7毫米至7毫米的視場測量，這時需要使用VIC-3D顯微系統(tǒng)來實現。 標定顯微鏡系統(tǒng)與標定標準系統(tǒng)類似，但尺度更小。 顯微鏡系統(tǒng)為這些小尺度視場測量同時提供了左側圖示的兩個板靶。 顯微鏡上還配置了含背光照明的板靶固定裝置，以確保標定過程中從板靶的次到次的每次偏轉都能順利拍照。

For fields of view from 0.7mm to 7mm, the VIC-3D Microscope system will be needed.  Calibrating the Microscope System is similar to calibrating a standard system, but on an even smaller scale.  Both of the targets seen to the left are provided with the microscope system for these fields of view.  A back-lit target fixture is also provided on the microscope to ensure the calibration process goes smoothly from the first tilt to the last.

由于復雜的光學路徑和高光學放大倍率，該標定過程中需要采取額外的步驟來*消除顯微鏡系統(tǒng)中的光學畸變。 在顯微鏡下進行三維DIC測量時，CSI的這項過程非常重要。 沒有它，測量偏差約為2000微應變。 而這一過程中，需要拍攝散斑玻璃板靶的一系列圖像。 通過使用VIC-3D的畸變修正功能分析這些圖像組，然后計算并修正所有光學畸變。 利用精密的電動3軸工作臺，這個的光學失真修正步驟成為了一個自動化的過程，節(jié)省了時間并進一步簡化了標定步驟。

Due to a complex optical path and high magnification, one additional step needs to be taken in the calibration procedure to completely remove optical distortions from the microscope system.  This exclusive patented procedure is essential when performing three-dimension DIC under a microscope.  Without it, the measurement bias is on the order of 2,000 microstrain.  In this step, a sequence of images is taken of a speckled glass target.  By analyzing these image groups with VIC-3D’s patented Distortion Correction feature, all distortions are then computed and corrected.  With the motorized 3-axis precision stage, this additional Distortion Sequence becomes an automated process, saving time and further simplifying the calibration process.

紅外標定板靶 / IR Calibration Targets (50mm – 300mm)

如果您的應用需要同步全場溫度測量以及應變和變形測量，新的VIC-3D IR™系統(tǒng)可能會讓您感興趣。 如果您想將此功能添加到現有系統(tǒng)中，則只需添加這些硬件：紅外相機，鏡頭和紅外標定板靶。

If your application requires full-field temperature measurements alongside strain and deformation measurements, the new VIC-3D IR™ System may be of interest to you.  If you’d like to add this capability to an existing system, only a couple pieces of hardware need to be added: a camera, lens, and calibration target(s).

要將紅外溫度場相機標定到VIC-3D系統(tǒng)中，需要在紅外溫度場相機工作的波長范圍內和DIC相機工作的白光范圍內均可見的標定板靶。 的方法是使用稍微加熱的鍍鉻玻璃板靶或激光蝕刻陽極氧化鋁板靶。 鍍鉻玻璃板靶用于標定較小的視場，而激光蝕刻鋁板則用于標定更大的視場。

To calibrate a thermal camera into the VIC-3D system, a calibration target visible in the thermal camera’s wavelength range and in the DIC cameras’ white light range is needed.  The easiest way to achieve this is to use a slightly heated chrome plated glass target or a laser-etched, anodized, aluminum target.  The chrome plated glass targets are used to calibrate smaller fields of view and the laser etched aluminum plates are used to calibrate larger fields of view.

每個紅外標定板靶都有自己的保護外套。 保護外套或板靶標識有板靶的標定參數，例如點距（mm）、點數x、點數y、x偏移量、y偏移量、x長度和y長度。

Each IR calibration target comes with its own protective case.  The case or target displays the target’s calibration parameters, such as pitch (mm), number of dots in x, number of dots in y, offset in x, offset in y, length in x, and length in y.

VDI/VDE 2626 標準板 / A4

如果您的應用需要同步全場溫度測量以及應變和變形測量，新的VIC-3D IR™系統(tǒng)可能會讓您感興趣。 如果您想將此功能添加到現有系統(tǒng)中，則只需添加這些硬件：紅外相機，鏡頭和紅外標定板靶。

If your application requires full-field temperature measurements alongside strain and deformation measurements, the new VIC-3D IR™ System may be of interest to you.  If you’d like to add this capability to an existing system, only a couple pieces of hardware need to be added: a camera, lens, and calibration target(s).

要將紅外溫度場相機標定到VIC-3D系統(tǒng)中，需要在紅外溫度場相機工作的波長范圍內和DIC相機工作的白光范圍內均可見的標定板靶。 的方法是使用稍微加熱的鍍鉻玻璃板靶或激光蝕刻陽極氧化鋁板靶。 鍍鉻玻璃板靶用于標定較小的視場，而激光蝕刻鋁板則用于標定更大的視場。

To calibrate a thermal camera into the VIC-3D system, a calibration target visible in the thermal camera’s wavelength range and in the DIC cameras’ white light range is needed.  The easiest way to achieve this is to use a slightly heated chrome plated glass target or a laser-etched, anodized, aluminum target.  The chrome plated glass targets are used to calibrate smaller fields of view and the laser etched aluminum plates are used to calibrate larger fields of view.

每個紅外標定板靶都有自己的保護外套。 保護外套或板靶標識有板靶的標定參數，例如點距（mm）、點數x、點數y、x偏移量、y偏移量、x長度和y長度。

Each IR calibration target comes with its own protective case.  The case or target displays the target’s calibration parameters, such as pitch (mm), number of dots in x, number of dots in y, offset in x, offset in y, length in x, and length in y.